A note on the neutrality of profit taxes and tax compliance with imperfect detection

In a tax-evasion model with profit tax, we reexamine and clarify the issues of neutrality and separability with imperfect detection of tax fraud. With this more realistic setting, we show that the profit tax is not necessarily neutral and the separability conclusion may not hold. Furthermore, the property of non-neutrality may coexist with that of separability or inseparability. However, in contrast to the traditional conclusion, raising the audit probability may reduce the tax compliance when the property of inseparability is present.

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Tax Evasion and Limited Liability

Andreoni, Erard, and Feinstein (1998) suggest that imposing very high penalties for tax evasion is not possible under bankruptcy or limited liability constraints. In this paper, we complement their suggestion by showing that, in the presence of these constraints, imposing very high penalties can make an economy Pareto worse-off. This result helps provide a further insight into why governments typically do not set very high penalties for tax evasion in practice. Implications for optimal deterrence policies in the context of tax evasion are also explored. Copyright 2006 Blackwell Publishing, Inc..

Tax Evasion and Government Size - A Micro-Political Theory

Previous studies on tax evasion and government size have not specified the "political mechanism" through which increasing difficulties with tax evasion might lead to government expansion. This paper attempts to fill in the gap. We extend the celebrated Meltzer and Richard (1981) model to a plausible world where tax evasion is possible. It is shown in this extended model that: (i) the decisive voter is still the individual who has a median pre-tax income, and (ii) the presence of tax evasion will lower the redistributive benefit of taxation and enhance the distortionary cost of taxation facing the decisive voter at the margin. As tax evasion becomes increasingly difficult with "modernization," the marginal redistributive benefit of taxation will be enhanced and the marginal distortionary cost of taxation will be mitigated. This provides tax-evasion routes with a micro-political foundation to explain the expansion of government.tax evasion, political economy, government size, median

Is the Income Tax Deduction Efficient?

http://nchuae.nchu.edu.tw/tc/modules/wfdownloads/visit.php?cid=58&lid=38

Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome

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Alirocumab and Cardiovascular Outcomes after Acute Coronary Syndrome

BACKGROUN